Thanks for posting. I'm sorry for the delay in my comments. For gender as a determinant, I wonder if there has been anything looking at gender roles and male partner expectations for women's obligations or duties in childbirth. For question #2 and your discussion of neighborhood factors, it is interesting to think that access to care is about care going to the patient, the in-home providers are more available to white middle class women, perhaps regardless of where they live. The connection is less spatial and more about economics and possibly preferences.