Optional additional readings and resources
Completion requirements
Outlines and provides a guide to using the Implementation Research Logic Model (IRLM), a tool designed to assist researchers in planning for and conducting rigorous and reproducible research to test causal pathways in implementation research.
Implementation science theories/frameworks:
Handley MA, Gorukanti A, Cattamanchi A. Strategies for implementing implementation science: a methodological overview. Emerg Med J. 2016 Sep;33(9):660-4. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2015-205461. Epub 2016 Feb 18. PMID: 26893401; PMCID: PMC8011054.
An overview of what implementation science is, its key components, and the steps involved.
Moullin JC, Dickson KS, Stadnick NA, Albers B, Nilsen P, Broder-Fingert S, Mukasa B, Aarons GA. Ten recommendations for using implementation frameworks in research and practice. Implement Sci Commun. 2020 Apr 30;1:42. doi: 10.1186/s43058-020-00023-7. PMID: 32885199; PMCID: PMC7427911.
Provides 10 recommendations for how to use implementation frameworks when planning/conducting implementation research.
Nilsen P. Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks. Implement Sci. 2015 Apr 21;10:53. doi: 10.1186/s13012-015-0242-0. PMID: 25895742; PMCID: PMC4406164.
Describes the differences between implementation theories, models, and frameworks, and breaks them down into 5 categories:
Process models, Determinant frameworks, Classic theories, Implementation theories, Evaluation frameworks
Michie S, Johnston M, Abraham C, Lawton R, Parker D, Walker A; "Psychological Theory" Group. Making psychological theory useful for implementing evidence based practice: a consensus approach. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005 Feb;14(1):26-33. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2004.011155. PMID: 15692000; PMCID: PMC1743963.
Describes the development and potential application of the theoretical domain framework (TDF), a set of behavior change domains to understand how to influence behavior change needed to implement evidence-based practices. See Table 1 for an outline of the domain, the constructs applicable to each domain, and example of interview questions that can be asked to understand if change is needed within each domain.
Atkins L, Francis J, Islam R, O'Connor D, Patey A, Ivers N, Foy R, Duncan EM, Colquhoun H, Grimshaw JM, Lawton R, Michie S. A guide to using the Theoretical Domains Framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems. Implement Sci. 2017 Jun 21;12(1):77. doi: 10.1186/s13012-017-0605-9. PMID: 28637486; PMCID: PMC5480145.
An additional guide on how to use/apply the Theoretical Domain Framework (TDF) for individual-level behavior change. Provides examples of studies that use the TDF.
Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci. 2011 Apr 23;6:42. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-6-42. PMID: 21513547; PMCID: PMC3096582.
Articles describing the behavior change wheel and COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behavior) model for individual-level behavior change.
Handley MA, Harleman E, Gonzalez-Mendez E, Stotland NE, Althavale P, Fisher L, Martinez D, Ko J, Sausjord I, Rios C. Applying the COM-B model to creation of an IT-enabled health coaching and resource linkage program for low-income Latina moms with recent gestational diabetes: the STAR MAMA program. Implement Sci. 2016 May 18;11(1):73. doi: 10.1186/s13012-016-0426-2. PMID: 27193580; PMCID: PMC4870786.
This article describes how the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behavior) model was applied to a research study. A useful example outlining how the researchers applied COM-B and used it in study design and to interpret results.
Michie, S., West, R. Sustained behavior change is key to preventing and tackling future pandemics. Nat Med 27, 749–752 (2021). https://ucsf.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01345-2
Describes the applicability of the COM-B model to the COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics.
Health equity:
Chinman M, Woodward EN, Curran GM, Hausmann LRM. Harnessing Implementation Science to Increase the Impact of Health Equity Research. Med Care. 2017 Sep;55 Suppl 9 Suppl 2(Suppl 9 2):S16-S23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5639697/pdf/nihms911186.pdf
Article outlining how implementation science frameworks
and research designs can enhance health equity research.
Baumann AA, Cabassa LJ. Reframing implementation science to address inequities in healthcare delivery. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020 Mar 12;20(1):190. doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-4975-3. PMID: 32164706; PMCID: PMC7069050. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7069050/
Article describing the importance of, and how to, incorporate an equity lens in implementation science research to focus on addressing inequities in healthcare delivery.
Hybrid designs:
Landes SJ, McBain SA, Curran GM. An introduction to effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs. Psychiatry Res. 2019 Oct;280:112513. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112513. Epub 2019 Aug 9. PMID: 31434011; PMCID: PMC6779135.
A description of hybrid effectiveness-implementation designs that can be used to evaluate both the effectiveness and implementation outcomes of an intervention.
Program evaluation:
A resource outlining and describing the AEA's 5 Guiding Principles to evaluation: systematic inquiry, competence, integrity, respect for people, and common good and equity.
Proctor E, Silmere H, Raghavan R, Hovmand P, Aarons G, Bunger A, Griffey R, Hensley M. Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011 Mar;38(2):65-76. doi: 10.1007/s10488-010-0319-7. PMID: 20957426; PMCID: PMC3068522.
Outlines and describes eight implementation outcomes: acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, penetration, and sustainability. A helpful resource to understand how implementation outcomes differ from outcomes in effectiveness research.
Smith JD, Li DH, Rafferty MR. The Implementation Research Logic Model: a method for planning, executing, reporting, and synthesizing implementation projects. Implement Sci. 2020 Sep 25;15(1):84. doi: 10.1186/s13012-020-01041-8. PMID: 32988389; PMCID: PMC7523057.