EPI 205: Clinical Trials (Winter 2022)
Section outline
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EPI 205 Winter 2022 Section Assignments updated 1.14.2022 File
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Protocol Assignment 1 File
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Protocol Assignment 2 File
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Protocol Assignment 3 File
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Protocol Assignment 4 File
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Lecture: Design, Subjects and Randomization
Definition and importance of randomized controlled trials (RCT); examples of RCTs; disadvantages; alternatives; reasons for doing RCTs; randomization; inclusion/exclusion criteria; study designs including classical RCT, factorial designs, cross-over designs, matched pairs, cluster or grouped randomization.
Faculty: Dennis Black
Location (Access restricted to registered students): Zoom URL
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Epi205 Course Logistics Media Resource
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Lecture 1A Media Resource
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Lecture 1A File
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Lecture 1B Media Resource
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Lecture 1b File
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Workshop 1_Black Media Resource
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EUA Review_Pfizer File
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FDA Fact Sheet_Paxlovid File
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Ethics_Paxlovid File
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Molnupiravir_Bernal NEJM File
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Molnupiravir_Dyer BMJ File
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Baden et al. "Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine" N Engl J Med (2020) File
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Baden et al. “Research Summary: Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine” N Engl J Med 2020 File
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MODERNA Protocol File
MODERNA Protocol: Scan the Moderna trial protocol summary and read the following sections within the summary:
- Randomization
- Inclusion & Exclusion
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Abstract & Video: Schwalm, Jon-David, et al. "A community-based comprehensive intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk in hypertension (HOPE 4): a cluster-randomised controlled trial." The Lancet 394.10205 (2019): 1231-1242. URL
Read abstract and watch a 3 min video abstract of a cluster randomized, international study. Schwalm et al. A community-based comprehensive intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk in hypertension (HOPE 4): a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2019 Oct 5;394(10205):1231-1242
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Manson et al., "Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease" NEJM 380.1 (2019): 33-44 File
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Li, Bai, et al. "The CHIRPY DRAGON intervention in preventing obesity in Chinese primary-school--aged children: A cluster-randomised controlled trial." PLoS medicine 16.11 (2019). File
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Homework Assignment #1 File
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Biegel et al. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med 2020 File
This article will be referred to in the homework.
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Answer Key for Assignment #1 File
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Lecture 2: Blinding, Intervention and Controls
Definition and importance of blinding; strategies if the study can’t be blinded; strategies to evaluate blinding; considerations when choosing the intervention; multiple interventions; importance of the control or placebo; advantages and disadvantages of equivalence trials.
Faculty: Deborah Grady
Location (Access restricted to registered students): Zoom
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Blinding Media Resource
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Blinding File
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Interventions & Controls Media Resource
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Intervention & Control File
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Workshop 2_01.13.2022 Media Resource
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Kong, et al. Effect of Electroacupuncture vs Sham Treatment on Change of Pain Severity Among Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open 2020. File
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Noseworthy H, et al. The impact of blinding on the results of a randomized, placebo-controlled multiple sclerosis clinical trial. Neurology 1994 44: 16-20. File
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Kirkley A, et al. A randomized trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 11;359(11):1097-107. File
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Homework L2 File
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Homework Answer Key for Assignment #2 File
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Lecture 3: Measuring Outcomes and Adverse Effects
Clinical outcomes and alternatives. Defining adverse events; elicited vs. volunteered; nuisance adverse events; pitfalls of attribution of cause; FDA adverse events classifications.
Faculty: Dennis Black
Location (Access restricted to registered students): Zoom URL
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Lecture 3a_2022 File
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Lecture 3b_2022 File
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Lecture 3A_2022 Media Resource
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Lecture 3b_2022 Media Resource
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Workshop 3 File
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Psaty BM, Lumley T. Surrogate end points and FDA approval: a tale of 2 lipid-altering drugs. JAMA. 2008 Mar 26;299(12):1474-6. File
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Bent S, et al. Brief communication: Better ways to question patients about adverse medical events: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Feb 21;144(4):257-61. File
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Knoll MD, Wonodi C. Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. Lancet. 2021 Jan 9;397(10269):72-74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32623-4. Epub 2020 Dec 8. PMID: 33306990. File
Please read this article prior to Thursday's workshop
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Voysey M, et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet. 2021 Jan 9;397(10269):99-111. File
Please read this article prior to Thursday's workshop
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Homework Assignment for Lecture 3 File
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Homework Assignment for Lecture 3 - Answer Key File
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Small Group Discussion (see Roster for your section assignment)
Faculty:
Location (Access restricted to registered students): In-person at Mission Hall (550 16th Street, San Francisco) unless otherwise noted by your section leader
Avins, Andy
MH-2016
Brenowitz, Willa
MH-2108
Hue, Trisha
MH-2105
Phillips, Patrick
MH-2103
Prasad, Vinay
MH-2109
Pressman, Alice
MH-2107
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Lecture 4: Statistical Issues in Randomized Trials, Review of data analysis for RCTs; Factorial RCT designs and analysis approaches; Subgroups and multiple comparisons: implications for inference from RCTs. Also most informative statistical graphic techniques for RCTs.
Pervasiveness of multiple comparisons in randomized trials; the general problem of multiple comparisons and statistical adjustments; multiple endpoints; statistical concerns about subgroup analyses; what to do with an unexpected subgroup finding; adverse experience categorization; multivariate adjustment.
Faculty: Dennis Black
Location (Access restricted to registered students): Zoom URL
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Lecture 4A Media Resource
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Lecture 4B Media Resource
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Lecture 4A File
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Lecture 4B File
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Wang R, Lagakos SW, Ware JH, Hunter DJ, Drazen JM. Statistics in medicine--reporting of subgroup analyses in clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 22;357(21):2189-94. FileNote: this paper sets the standard for evaluating RCT subgroup analyses.
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Polack, Fernando P., et al. "Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine." N Engl J Med (2020) File
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Lippman S, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E of risk on prostate cancer and other cancers. JAMA. 2009;301(1):(doi:10.1001/jama.2008.864) File
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Gaziano J, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: The Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301(1):(doi:10.1001/jama.2008.862 File
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Manson et al. Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. NEJM 2019 File
Read and review the abstract
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Manson et al. Marine n−3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer NEJM 2019 File
Read and review the abstract
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Homework Assignment #4 File
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Lecture 4 Homework Assignment Answer Key File
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Lecture 5: Follow-up, Adherence to the Protocol, and Post-Randomization and Introduction to Sample Size Planning
Follow-up in RCTs; what happens after randomization; patient compliance or adherence; effect of incomplete follow-up; strategies to enhance compliance; intention-to- treat and per-protocol analyses; analysis based on post-randomization; subgroup analysis.
Faculty: Dennis Black
Location (Access restricted to registered students): Zoom URL-
Lecture 5 Media Resource
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Lecture 5 File
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Lecture 5B: Sample Size Media Resource
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Lecture 5B: Sample Size File
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Workshop 4 Media Resource
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Workshop 4 File
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Hollis and Campbell. What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomized controlled trials. BMJ 1999:319;670-4. File
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Homework Assignment for Lecture 5 File
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Lecture 5 Homework Assignment Answer Key File
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Small Group Discussion #2 (see Roster for your section assignment)
Review of prior lecture and problem set
Faculty:
Location (Access restricted to registered students): Virtual or hybrid. Please reach out to your section leader for specific instructions.
If hybrid: In-person at Mission Hall (550 16th Street, San Francisco)
Avins, Andy
MH-2016
Brenowitz, Willa
MH-2108
Hue, Trisha
MH-2105
Phillips, Patrick
MH-2103
Prasad, Vinay
MH-2109
Pressman, Alice
MH-2107
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Lecture 6: Non-Inferiority Trials
Faculty: Vinay PrasadNon inferiority trials are studies that seek to show a new treatment, compared to an established treatment, is no worse than by some amount. That amount is called the margin or delta. Equivalence trials are subset of the non-inferiority design
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Non-Inferiority Media Resource
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Non-Inferiority File
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Workshop: Dr. Prasad Media Resource
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Kudo M et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1163-1173. File
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Prasad V. Non-Inferiority Trials in Medicine: Practice Changing or a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy? J Gen Intern Med 2018 Jan;33(1):3-5. doi: 10.1007/s11606-017-4191-y. File
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Lecture 7: Ethics in Clinical Trials and Interim Monitoring & Statistical Aspects of Interim Monitoring
Ethical issues in clinical trials, including choice of interventions in control and intervention groups, randomization, selection of subjects, and interim analyses
Why alter/stop a clinical trial early; who should decide to stop the trial; what parameters should be monitored and how often; what statistical methods should be used; statistical approaches
Faculty: Alison Huang & Joan Hilton
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Ethics & Interim Monitoring (Huang) File
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Statistics for Interim Monitoring File
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Ethics and Interim Monitoring (Huang) Media Resource
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Statistics for Interim Monitoring Media Resource
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Workshop_Huang Media Resource
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Lo B. Ethical issues in clinical trials, pages 1-7. File
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Homework_L7 (revised as of 2/16/22) File
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Answer Key for Homework Assignment L7 File
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Lecture 7: Nuts and Bolts - Conducting a Trial
Should one do a trial; pilot studies; funding sources; contracts; budgets; the study team; team management; space; recruitment of study subjects; starting the protocol; forms; compliance and follow-up; final visit and post-trial.
Faculty: Deborah Grady & Steven Cummings
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Nuts & Bolts File
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NY Times Article: Clinical Trials Are Moving Out of the Lab and Into People’s Homes File
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Workshop: Dr. Cummings - Remote Trials Media Resource
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Small Group Discussion #3: (see Roster for your section assignment)
Review of prior lecture and problem set
Faculty:
Location (Access restricted to registered students): Virtual or hybrid. Please reach out to your section leader for specific instructions.
If hybrid: In-person at Mission Hall (550 16th Street, San Francisco)
Avins, Andy
MH-2016
Brenowitz, Willa
MH-2108
Hue, Trisha
MH-2105
Phillips, Patrick
MH-2103
Prasad, Vinay
MH-2109
Pressman, Alice
MH-2107
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Lecture 9:
Lecture 9A (Black): Can a surrogate measurement substitute for a clinical endpoint? Don Quixote vs. the windmill (FDA).
Lecture 9B (Boxer): Clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias
Faculty: Dennis Black & Adam Boxer
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Boxer: Alzheimer's Clinical Trials File
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Black: Surrogate Endpoint File
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Boxer: Alzheimer's clinical trials Media Resource
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Black: Surrogate Endpoints Media Resource
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Aducanumab Workshop File
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Aducanumab Workshop Media Resource
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Black DM, et al. "Treatment-related changes in bone mineral density as a surrogate biomarker for fracture risk reduction: metaregression analyses of individual patient data from multiple randomised controlled trials". Lance Diab Endocrinol 2020. File
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Surrogate endpoints table from FDA website File
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Dunn B. "Approval of Aducanumab for Alzheimer Disease— The FDA’s Perspective". JAMA 2021 File
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Small Group Discussion #4 (see Roster for your section assignment)
Review of prior lecture and problem set
Faculty:
Location (Access restricted to registered students): Virtual or hybrid. Please reach out to your section leader for specific instructions.
If hybrid: In-person at Mission Hall (550 16th Street, San Francisco)
Avins, Andy
MH-2016
Brenowitz, Willa
MH-2108
Hue, Trisha
MH-2105
Phillips, Patrick
MH-2103
Prasad, Vinay
MH-2109
Pressman, Alice
MH-2107
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Lecture 10:
- Trials of COVID Interventions
- Global Health Trials
Faculty: David Glidden & Patrick Phillips
Dr. Glidden will discuss challenges in Trials of Repurposed Medications for Outpatient Treatment of COVID-19
Dr. Phillips will discuss global health trials.
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Glidden: Trials of COVID-19 Therapeutics File
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Phillips_Global Health Trials File
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Glidden: Trials of COVID-19 Therapeutics Media Resource
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Phillips_Global Health Trials Media Resource
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Workshop: Dr. Phillips Global Health Trials Media Resource
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Interim Analysis Presentation Media Resource
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Black_Short Interim Analysis File
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Hernan 2008 File
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Hulley et al. HERS study. JAMA 1998 File
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Hulley et al. Data Monitoring in HERS File
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Assignment L7b File
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Homework Assignment L7B Answer Key File
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Lecture 11: Multicenter Studies and Industry-sponsored trials
The anatomy and physiology of multicenter trials. How to work effectively and make use of data from such trials. How industry trials operate. Pros and cons of participation in industry sponsored trials and principles that may minimize bias.Faculty: Dennis Black
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Multicenter Studies Pt 1 (from 2021) File
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Multicenter Studies Pt 2 (from 2021) File
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Multicenter Studies, Pt 1 (from 2021) Media Resource
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Multicenter Studies Pt 2 (from 2021) Media Resource
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Final Exam_2022 File

